INSTITUTE FOR INTEGRAL YOGA PSYCHOLOGY

(a project of Mirravision Trust, Financed by Auroshakti Foundation)

 
Chapters
Chapter I
Chapter II - Part 1
Chapter II - Part 2
Chapter II - Part 3
Chapter II - Part 4
Chapter III - Part 1
Chapter III - Part 2
Chapter III - Part 3
Chapter III - Part 4
Chapter III - Part 5
Chapter III - Part 6
Chapter IV - Part 1
Chapter IV - Part 2
Chapter IV - Part 3
Chapter IV - Part 4
Chapter V-Part 1
Chapter V - Part 2
Chapter V - Part 3
Chapter V - Part 4
Chapter V - Part 5
Chapter VI - Part 1
Chapter VI - Part 2
Chapter VI - Part 3
Chapter VI - Part 4
Chapter VI - Part 5
Chapter VII - Part 1
Chapter VII - Part 2
Chapter VII - Part 3
Chapter VII - Part 4
Chapter VII - Part 5
Chapter VIII - Part 1
Chapter VIII - Part 2
Chapter VIII - Part 3
Chapter VIII - Part 4
Chapter IX - Part 1
Chapter IX - Part 2
Chapter X - Part 1
Chapter X - Part 2
Chapter X - Part 3
Chapter X - Part 4
Chapter X - Part 5
Chapter X - Part 6
Chapter XI - Part 1
Chapter XI - Part 2
Chapter XI - Part 3
Chapter XI - Part 4
Chapter XII - Part 1
Chapter XII - Part 2
Chapter XII - Part 3
Chapter XII - Part 4
Chapter XII - Part 5
Chapter XIII - Part 1
Chapter XIII - Part 2
Chapter XIV - Part 1
Chapter XIV - Part 2
Chapter XIV - Part 3
Chapter XIV - Part 4
Chapter XIV - Part 5
Chapter XV - Part 1
Chapter XV - Part 2
Chapter XV - Part 3
Chapter XV - Part 4
Chapter XV - Part 5
Chapter XV - Part 6
Chapter XV - Part 7
Chapter XV - Part 8
Chapter XV - Part 9
Chapter XVI - Part 1
Chapter XVI - Part 2
Chapter XVI - Part 3
Chapter XVI - Part 4
Chapter XVI - Part 5
Chapter XVI - Part 6
Chapter XVI - Part 7
Chapter XVI - Part 8
Chapter XVI - Part 9
Chapter XVI - Part 10
Chapter XVI - Part 11
Chapter XVI - Part 12
Chapter XVI - Part 13
Chapter XVII - Part 1
Chapter XVII - Part 2
Chapter XVII - Part 3
Chapter XVII - Part 4
Chapter XVIII - Part 1
Chapter XVIII - Part 2
Chapter XVIII - Part 3
Chapter XVIII - Part 4
Chapter XVIII - Part 5
Chapter XVIII - Part 6
Chapter XVIII - Part 7
Chapter XVIII - Part 8
Chapter XVIII - Part 9
Chapter XVIII - Part 10
Chapter XIX - Part 1
Chapter XIX - Part 2
Chapter XIX - Part 3
Chapter XIX - Part 4
Chapter XIX - Part 5
Chapter XIX - Part 6
Chapter XIX - Part 7
Chapter XX - Part 1
Chapter XX - Part 2
Chapter XX - Part 3
Chapter XX - Part 4
Chapter XX - Part 4
Chapter XXI - Part 1
Chapter XXI - Part 2
Chapter XXI - Part 3
Chapter XXI - Part 4
Chapter XXII - Part 1
Chapter XXII - Part 2
Chapter XXII - Part 3
Chapter XXII - Part 4
Chapter XXII - Part 5
Chapter XXII - Part 6
Chapter XXIII Part 1
Chapter XXIII Part 2
Chapter XXIII Part 3
Chapter XXIII Part 4
Chapter XXIII Part 5
Chapter XXIII Part 6
Chapter XXIII Part 7
Chapter XXIV Part 1
Chapter XXIV Part 2
Chapter XXIV Part 3
Chapter XXIV Part 4
Chapter XXIV Part 5
Chapter XXV Part 1
Chapter XXV Part 2
Chapter XXV Part 3
Chapter XXVI Part 1
Chapter XXVI Part 2
Chapter XXVI Part 3
Chapter XXVII Part 1
Chapter XXVII Part 2
Chapter XXVII Part 3
Chapter XXVIII Part 1
Chapter XXVIII Part 2
Chapter XXVIII Part 3
Chapter XXVIII Part 4
Chapter XXVIII Part 5
Chapter XXVIII Part 6
Chapter XXVIII Part 7
Chapter XXVIII Part 8
Book II, Chapter 1, Part I
Book II, Chapter 1, Part II
Book II, Chapter 1, Part III
Book II, Chapter 1, Part IV
Book II, Chapter 1, Part V
Book II, Chapter 2, Part I
Book II, Chapter 2, Part II
Book II, Chapter 2, Part III
Book II, Chapter 2, Part IV
Book II, Chapter 2, Part V
Book II, Chapter 2, Part VI
Book II, Chapter 2, Part VII
Book II, Chapter 2, Part VIII
Book II, Chapter 3, Part I
Book II, Chapter 3, Part II
Book II, Chapter 3, Part III
Book II, Chapter 3, Part IV
Book II, Chapter 3, Part V
Book II, Chapter 4, Part I
Book II, Chapter 4, Part II
Book II, Chapter 4, Part III
Book II, Chapter 5, Part I
Book II, Chapter 5, Part II
Book II, Chapter 5, Part III
Book II, Chapter 6, Part I
Book II, Chapter 6, Part II
Book II, Chapter 6, Part III
Book II, Chapter 7, Part I
Book II, Chapter 7, Part II
Book II, Chapter 8, Part I
Book II, Chapter 8, Part II
Book II, Chapter 9, Part I
Book II, Chapter 9, Part II
Book II, Chapter 10, Part I
Book II, Chapter 10, Part II
Book II, Chapter 10, Part III
Book II, Chapter 11, Part I
Book II, Chapter 11, Part II
Book II, Chapter 12, Part I
 

A Psychological Approach to Sri Aurobindo's

The Life Divine

 
Chapter VIII Part 2

In Chapter VIII of The Life Divine, Sri Aurobindo describes two broad types of action of Reason:

(a)    Dependent or Mixed,

(b)   Sovereign or Pure.

Reason: Dependent or Mixed action

When we begin to exercise our rational faculty, we have to develop it upon a foundation of ‘tangible’ or ‘concrete’ experience so that our constructs have reliability and validity. This is necessary as ‘Reason’ automatically brings ‘doubts’, puts up ‘antitheses’ to counter ‘theses’ and balances several options. As a result, it is liable to ‘confuse’ by its brilliant analysis rather than ‘illumine’ by a synthetic and holistic vision. An excessive rational discrimination may on occasion lead to ‘indecisiveness’ become a barrier to progress. The easiest way to overcome this barrier is to base Reason at the experiential level of ‘sensory perception’. After all, sensory information is ordinarily perceived as ‘solid’, ‘concrete’, ‘tangible’.
 

This is because senses belong to our physical schemata and our immediately perceptible world is a physical universe of matter. In contrast, our ideational experience belongs to non-physical schemata and is somewhat abstract, fluid, and intangible. Naturally, if Reason could base itself on the ‘solidity’ of sensory perception rather than the ‘fluidity’ of ideational experience, then it is expected to ‘guide’ us better.

However, there is a fundamental problem. If Reason bases itself only on sensory perception, then it is liable to basic errors. Sensory perception itself has in-built limitations. We have examined already how our most fundamental sensory percepts of ‘sunrise’ and ‘sunset’ are scientifically false though phenomenally true. If Reason had accepted the outer appearances as ‘final’, then we would not have traveled in space!

If the fundamental perceptions of the external, physical world provided by our sensory apparatus have such limitations, then how much more erroneous it can be if we have to build up ‘rational’ theories based on superficial cues given by human beings. What we pronounce ‘verbally’ may not actually reflect our non-verbal intentions. Thus an apparently stable person opting for an active euthanasia may actually be suffering from a ‘masked’ depression which if uplifted can result in a different choice. (There are reports that some treatable cases of depression were actually put to legal death). Moreover, our non-verbal dimension represents many levels—the subconscious, the collective unconscious, the subliminal, the super conscious; and at each of these levels, there might be different choices for the same problem.
 

Sri Aurobindo explains: Reason accepts a mixed action when it confines itself to the circle of our sensible experience, admits its law as the final truth and concerns itself only with the study of phenomenon, that it is to say, with the appearances of things in their relations, processes and utilities. This rational action is incapable of knowing what is, it only knows what appears to be, it has no plummet by which it can sound the depths of being, it can only survey the field of becoming. (The Life Divine, pg 68-69).
 

One interesting thing is that every ‘idea’ is accompanied by a ‘force’ or ‘energy’ that is needed to effectuate that idea into reality. If the idea is ‘limited’ and ‘superficial’, the ‘energy’ nevertheless exists though it is also limited in action. Thus, inspite of limitations, ‘rational’ theories based on sensory perception have also their ‘effect’ in life, even if constrained by limitations. This is how man could utilize ‘sunrise’ and ‘sunset’ to structure life. This is how advertising experts ‘mislead’ people by visual illusions – a phenomenon that has enormous marketing potentials!

 In the end however, man is not satisfied and must move to the next level of experience. This is inevitable as the human being is not only made up of physical substance—he has ideas, abstractions, hypotheses, fantasies, and dreams. Physical phenomena are not only meant for being perceived by physical senses alone -- they also influence our ideas, fancies and imaginations. “Sunrise’ and ‘sunset’ also touch our poetic, artistic and aesthetic chords. Happiness in life not only comes from the physical gratification of the senses, it also requires an artistic, aesthetic and creative fulfillment. Moreover, ‘perception’ itself is a multileveled construct and justifies an increasingly growing sovereign action of Reason.

‘To correct the errors of the sense-mind by the use of reason is one of the most valuable powers developed by man and the chief cause of his superiority among terrestrial beings.' Ibid, pg69)

Reason: Sovereign or Pure action

Sri Aurobindo writes:

Reason, on the other hand, asserts its pure action, when accepting our sensible experiences as a starting-point but refusing to be limited by them it goes behind, judges, works in its own right and strives to arrive at general and unalterable concepts which attach themselves not to the appearances of things, but to that which stands behind their appearances. (Ibid)  

 However, just de-linking from the ‘sensory’ experience does not make Reason ‘pure’. Purity is a phenomenon that progressively unveils as the nature of ‘Reason’ becomes more and more sovereign. This movement passes through several stages. We shall group them in three stages

Stage 1

At first, Reason goes behind the immediate appearance of things. This is how basic scientific discoveries were made. The discovery of fire, wheel, armaments; the building of houses, dams, bridges, boats, forts; the efflorescence of cultivation; the formations of human groupings as families, clans, communities, societies – all appeared when man’s idea started going behind immediate appearances to some ‘truth’ that supported yet surpassed the appearances.

Stage 2

With a growth in consciousness, the human mind becomes refined and sophisticated so that Reason disentangles itself more and more from the senses so as to

‘…. arrive at its results by direct judgment passing immediately from the appearance to that which stands behind it and in that case the concept arrived at may seem to be a result of the sensible experience and dependent upon it though it is really a perception of reason working in its own right.' Ibid
)

It is this phenomenon of Reason that results in great theories and hypotheses in both the physical and psychosocial disciplines. This is how Darwin’s theory of Evolution, Einstein’s theory of Relativity, Freud’s theory of Psychoanalysis and Marx’s theory of Communism came into being.

All these theories have been challenged and are not full proof. Yet, as we have discussed, each idea has an executive force and even if not error-free, can still hold its fort with a particular intensity during a particular time-period. Even after such ideas are supplemented by newer ideas, they still retain their historical significance and sow the seeds of future constructs.

Stage 3

The human mind yearns for a yet purer action of Reason resulting in the generation of ideas that have longer survival-value, are more and more error-free and effectuate a greater dynamic action in the life of man. This quest led to a yet purer action of Reason:

‘But the perceptions of the pure reason may also – and this is their more characteristic action – use the experience from which they start as a mere excuse and leave it far behind before they arrive at their result, so far that the result may seem the direct contrary of that which our sensible experience wishes to dictate to us. (Ibid) 

This increasingly pure action of Reason leads us from physical to metaphysical knowledge

We will illustrate this movement of Reason by explaining how the concept of FORM evolved in the mind of the spiritual seer in ancient India:

1.At first, Matter was perceived by our physical senses as gross ‘forms’ in a concrete way—viz. color, size, shape, texture etc.

2. Next, non-material substrates like ‘emotions’ were also considered as ‘forms’. These are ‘subtle’ forms compared to the grossness of material forms. Like material forms that occupy material space, these subtle forms also occupy subtle spaces (like when we get angry, our ‘anger’ occupies a certain space—it changes our body’s aura)

3. It was then posited that there is a cosmic energy that gets formulated into both gross and subtle forms.  The essence of Matter was conceived as a conceptual form that could not be grasped through sensory perception and hence non-existent to the senses so that ‘the point is increasingly reached where only an arbitrary distinction in thought divides form of substance from form of energy’. (Ibid, pg 19). All these came to the Reasoning Intellect of the Indian seer thousands of years before E=MC2 was conceived.

4. At the next stage, the Indian seer delinked ‘energy’ from ‘form’ to arrive at the concept of ‘formlessness’—a dimension that ‘upholds’ all forms. That is how emerged the concept of the ABSOLUTE  beyond all sensory or cognitive descriptions—who was an X that was indefinable, conceived in a positive sense as an omnipotent Being or in a negative sense as a Non-Being or the Great Zero beyond our conception. The Absolute was therefore reasoned to be not an aggregate of forms or a substratum of forms. If all forms, quantities, qualities were to disappear, this would remain .Likewise, all forms, quantities and qualities could again manifest from the bosom of the Absolute. 

This is a glorious example how the ancient Indian spiritual tradition proceeded to unveil Reason in its purity, freeing it from sensory moorings and following its trajectory beyond the appearance of phenomena. We shall try to take inspiration to open new gateways to knowledge, so that, we can proclaim like the seer—

 Each finite is that deep Infinity
 Enshrining His veiled soul of pure delight.
 Form in its heart of silence recondite
 Hides the significance of His mystery,
 Form is the wonder-house of eternity,
 A cavern of the deathless Eremite.

(Sri Aurobindo, Collected Poems, pg 167)
 Date of Update:
3-Jan-12   

 

- By Dr. Soumitra Basu

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